《吠陀》
湖畔派
拜倫式英雄
戰(zhàn)后派
新感覺派。
埃及現(xiàn)代派
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二、古代文學(xué)概況
古印度文學(xué)最早出現(xiàn)的詩體文獻(xiàn)就是“吠陀”，它是知識、學(xué)問的意思?！胺屯印笔枪糯《绕帕_門教的經(jīng)書，是以人生與宗教為主題的較短的抒情詩。最初是印度人民世代口頭流傳的集體創(chuàng)作，后由掌握文化的婆羅門祭司編訂成一些集子。主要包括《梨俱吠陀》《阿闥婆吠陀》《娑摩吠陀》《夜柔吠陀》等。它用比梵語更古老的吠陀語寫成，記錄了印度上古時期的巫術(shù)、宗教祭祀、禮儀、風(fēng)俗、哲學(xué)等內(nèi)容。由于《梨俱吠陀》《阿闥婆吠陀》是上古詩歌的總集，所以最重要、最古老，也最有文學(xué)價值。
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- 材料全屏? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Rare Fossil Record? ? ?The preservation of embryos and juveniles is a rare occurrence in the fossil record. The tiny delicate skeletons are usually scattered by scavengers(食腐動物)weathering before they can be fossilized Ichthyosaurs(魚龍) had a higher chance of being preserved than did terrestrial creatures be-cause, as marine animals, they tended to live in environments less subject to erosion. Still, their fossilization required a suite of factors: a slow rate of decay of soft tissues, little scavenging by other animals, a lack of swift currents and waves to jumble and carry away small bones, and fairly rapid burial. Given these factors, some areas have become a treasury of well-preserved ichthyosaur fossils.? ? The deposits at Holzmaden, Germany, present an interesting case for analysis. The ichthyosaur remains are found in black, bituminous marine shales(頁巖)deposited about 190 million years ago. Over the years, thousands of specimens of marine reptiles, fish and invertebrates have been recovered from these rocks. The quality of preservation is outstanding, but what is even more impressive is the number of ichthyosaur fossils containing preserved embryos.? ? Ichthyosaurs with embryos have been reported from 6 different levels of the shale in a small area around Holzmaden, suggesting that a specific site was used by large numbers of ichthyosaurs repeatedly over time. The embryos are quite advanced in their physical development; their paddles, for example, are already well formed. One specimen is even preserved in the birth canal. In addition, the shale contains the remains of many newborns that are between 20 and 30 inches long.? ? ?Why are there so many pregnant females and young at Holzmaden when they are so rare else-where? The quality of preservation is almost unmatched and quarry operations have been carried out carefully with an awareness of the value of the fossils. But these factors do not account for the interesting question of how there came to be such a concentration of pregnant ichthyosaurs in a particular place very close to their time of giving birth.11【單選】All of the following are mentioned as factors that encourage fossilization except the?_____Aspeed of buryingBconditions of the waterCrate at which soft tissues decayDcause of death of the animal
- Which of the following is true of the fossil deposits discussed in the passage?_____AThey include examples of newly discovered species.BThey contain large numbers of well-preserved specimens.CThey are older than fossils found in other places.DThey have been analyzed more carefully than other fossils.